调水工程生态补偿的分阶段推进战略

水质安全是调水工程顺利实施的关键,为此调水区背负巨大的调水工程的外部经济成本和社会发展代价,必须通过生态补偿政策进行内部化,然而调水工程涉及的范围广、时间长、利益主体多、资金投入大,难以通过一种手段或者现有某种方式建立长效的生态补偿机制。文章从调水工程生态补偿政策建立的目标、标准、责任分担与利益共享、补偿方式角度分析了生态补偿现状及存在的问题,提出了调水工程生态补偿的分阶段推进战略总体思路与实施构想,重点分析了各阶段生态补偿政策的制定标准和要求,为中线调水工程生态补偿政策制定提供了技术支持。     

水环境中重金属检测方法研究进展

重金属污染是水污染的主要问题之一,严重威胁水生生物的生存和人类健康。文章对近年来水环境中重金属的检测方法进行了综述,主要介绍了原子吸收光谱法、电感藕合等离子体法、原子荧光光谱法、溶出伏安法、生物酶抑制法、免疫分析法和生物化学传感器法等。列举了不同方法的灵敏度、准确性和适用范围等,并对各自优点进行了比较。     

北湖流域水质改善系统动力学研究

利用系统动力学擅长研究动态、非线性复杂系统的特点,将其应用于北湖水质改善分析,构建了系统动力学-水质耦合模型,可实现长时间序列的连续模拟和水环境管理的情景分析。文章定量分析了三产比例调整、城镇化率提高与污水集中处理等因素对流域纳污控制及水质改善的影响,推演出可协调经济发展-水环境保护-污水治理资金三方矛盾的合理方案,为类似小城镇的发展提供可借鉴的思路和方法。     

塘-湿地系统中芦苇对再生水氮磷吸收能力研究

以天津市空港经济区塘-湿地组合处理系统为对象,研究了再生水补给条件下芦苇各组分氮(N)、磷(P)的吸收能力。研究发现:在一个生长周期内,芦苇不同组分(穗、叶、茎、根)N、P的质量分数为(1.17±0.82)%和(0.067±0.057)%,存在穗>叶>根>茎的特点。芦苇各组分N、P的质量分数随生境类型而变化,其中N的质量分数范围介于0.22%~2.34%,P介于0.012%~0.23%。再生水补给条件下系统地上生物量为(119.37±62.25)kg/m2,明显高于周边河道自然生长的芦苇((19.08±5.73)kg/m2),表明再生水的补给能有效提高芦苇的初级生产力,且地上部分对N、P的累积能力高于地下部分,分别为4.10和5.20倍。     

Water quality evaluation based on improved fuzzy matter-element method

For natural water, method of water quality evaluation based on improved fuzzy matter-element evaluation method is presented. Two important parts are improved, the weights determining and fuzzy membership functions. The coefficient of variation of each indicator is used to determine the weight instead of traditional calculating superscales method. On the other hand, fuzzy matter-elements are constructed, and normal membership degrees are used instead of traditional trapezoidal ones. The composite fuzzy matter-elements with associated coefficient are constructed through associated transformation. The levels of natural water quality are determined according to the principle of maximum correlation. The improved fuzzy matter-element evaluation method is applied to evaluate water quality of the Luokou mainstream estuary at the first ten weeks in 2011 with the coefficient of variation method determining the weights. Water quality of Luokou mainstream estuary is dropping from level I to level II. The results of the improved evaluation method are basically the same as the official water quality. The variation coefficient method can reduce the workload, and overcome the adverse effects from abnormal values, compared with the traditional calculating superscales method. The results of improved fuzzy matter-element evaluation method are more credible than the ones of the traditional evaluation method. The improved evaluation method can use information of monitoring data more scientifically and comprehensively, and broaden a new evaluation method for water quality assessment.     

Three-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model for TMDL development of Lake Fuxian, China

Lake Fuxian is the largest deep freshwater lake in China. Although its average water quality meets Class I of the China National Water Quality Standard (CNWQS), i.e., GB3838-2002, monitoring data indicate that the water quality approaches the Class II threshold in some areas. Thus it is urgent to reduce the watershed load through the total maximum daily load (TMDL) program. A three-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model was developed for Lake Fuxian, simulating flow circulation and pollutant fate and transport. The model development process consists of several steps, including grid generation, initial and boundary condition configurations, and model calibration processes. The model accurately reproduced the observed water surface elevation, spatiotemporal variations in temperature, and total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations, suggesting a reasonable numerical representation of the prototype system for further TMDL analyses. The TMDL was calculated using two interpretations of the water quality standards for Class I of the CNWQS based on the maximum instantaneous surface and annual average surface water concentrations. Analysis of the first scenario indicated that the TN, TP and COD loads should be reduced by 66%, 68% and 57%, respectively. Water quality was the highest priority; however, local economic development and cost feasibility for load reduction can pose significant issues. In the second interpretation, the model results showed that, under the existing conditions, the average water quality meets the Class I standard and therefore load reduction is unnecessary. Future studies are needed to conduct risk and cost assessments for realistic decision-making.     

Occurrence of selected aliphatic amines in source water of major cities in China

The formation of toxic nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs), such as nitrosamines, halonitromethanes and haloacetonitriles, from reactions between chlorine/chloramine and dissolved organic nitrogen in drinking water has caused great concern with regarding public health. This study revealed the occurrence of 17 aliphatic amines, some of which have been confirmed to be the precursors of N-DBPs, in source water across China. A sensitive method based on benzenesulfonyl chloride derivatization and liquid-liquid extraction followed by GC-MS analysis was established for the simultaneous analysis of the selected amines in aqueous samples. In total, 37 source water samples from the capital cities of 20 provinces were collected for the survey. Among the 17 amines, 14 were detected with an average frequency of detection of 36%. The most relevant amines in terms of frequency and maximum concentrations detected were dimethylamine (100%, 24.82 μg/L), methylamine (78%, 0.92 μg/L), N-methylethylamine (70%, 8.84 μg/L), propylamine (59%, 10.69 μg/L), diethylamine (54%, 3.76 μg/L), N-methylbutylamine (35%, 3.07 μg/L), N-ethylpropylamine (35%, 0.52 μg/L), and piperidine (32%, 2.35 μg/L). This is the first large scale survey of the aliphatic amines occurrence in source water in the world. The wide presence of nitrosamine precursors like dimethylamine, N-methylethylamine and diethylamine, and the precursors of haloacetonitriles and halonitromethanes like methylamine and propylamine suggests that better source water management is required to ensure the safety of drinking water.     

城区地表径流面源污染和河道水环境治理的研究

河流为人类提供了多样的生态服务功能,然而城市化对河流生态系统健康状况造成严重的影响。随着点源污染的有效管理控制,非点源污染降雨径流己成为造成城市地表水环境污染的主要原因。为了改善河道水质,引调清水激活城市内河水体,提高河道的水环境自净能力,有效改善城市水环境。文章以南京河西水系为例,利用Saint-Venant方程组对水系建立一维水动力模型,并通过汇流结点水位法对方程组进行数值求解;对WASP5水质模型进行二次开发用于水质模拟;建立水质模型和一维河网水动力模型的耦合模型,将水动力模型计算所得到的水动力参数耦合到WSAP5水质模型中,模拟降雨过程以及引调清水过程的河网各河段的水质变量浓度,得出降雨径流对河流的污染程度以及引清冲污措施对河流水质改善的效果并优化调水过程。     

基于虚拟水的济南市水资源可持续利用研究

水资源问题已成为世界普遍关注的问题,其根本原因就在于它不仅影响、制约现代社会的可持续发展,而且成为本世纪全球资源环境的首要问题,直接威胁人类的生存和发展,水资源可持续利用是当前世界上研究的热门课题之一。济南市是北方严重缺水城市之一,近几年来,随着社会经济的发展,严重影响着城市的发展和人民生活质量的提高。文章将国际上前沿的水资源足迹的计算方法引入到济南市的水资源系统中,利用CROPWAT软件定量测度了济南市主要农贸产品的虚拟水含量。通过济南市水足迹的计算及分析,得出济南市为虚拟水净出口地区,直接危及济南市的水资源安全,建议在济南市水资源有限的情况下,必须在节约用水,提高水资源利用的基础上创新水资源管理思路,实施虚拟水战略,充分利用虚拟水贸易解决水资源短缺问题。     

沼气高值化利用与净化提纯技术

基于户用沼气池以及传统工业沼气锅炉的低附加值沼气利用方式已经不适合沼气产业规模化和商业化的发展方向,在分析我国沼气资源潜力的基础上,重点介绍了沼气制备车用压缩天然气、管道天然气、热电联产等高值化利用方式及相关标准;针对高值化利用方式,分析比较了现有的高压水洗、物理吸收、化学吸收、变压吸附、膜分离和深冷分离等几种沼气净化提纯工艺的技术及应用情况,介绍了高效沼气脱硫技术,并指出氧、氮含量源头控制的重要性。